Kuka kouluttaa ketä? - haastattelu ; Kangasalan Sanomat 30.11.-23

 

HUOM! - Tämä ei ole omakirjoitukseni, vaan Eija Koivun 30.11.2023 Kangasalan Sanomissa kirjoittama haastatteluni esikoiskirjastani; Kuka Kouluttaa ketä?

·        Arjessa mukana

·        Pääuutiset

Kuka kouluttaa ja ketä? Särkänniemen delfiinien kouluttajanakin tunnettu Kai Mattsson tiivisti vuosien varrella omaksumansa kirjaksi, jonka hän sanoo olevan syväsukellus eläinten hyvinvointiin vaikuttaviin asioihin

Eija Koivu

 30.11.2023

0

    

Sähisevästä ja sylkevästä Viiseli-löytökissassa on osaavissa käsissä kehkeytynyt ihmisrakas lemmikki. Kai Mattsson sanoo vierastavansa temppu-sanan käyttöä, kun puhutaan eläinten kouluttamisesta. Hänen mukaansa se ei tee oikeutta sen paremmin eläimelle, kouluttajalle kuin kaikelle työlle, jonka tuloksena haluttu käytös on saatu aikaan. – Voi kestää vuosia, että kokonaisuus saadaan rakennettua vähän kerrassaan.

 

Seepra ei pääse raidoistaan eikä eläinkouluttaja Kai Mattsson pullokuonodelfiineistä, joiden kanssa hän työskenteli Särkänniemen delfinaariossa sen toiminnan lopettamiseen asti.  

– Olen kiitollinen pitkästä yhteistyöstä delfiinien parissa. Iso, antoisa ja etuoikeutettu luku elämässäni on päättynyt. Sain tutustua eläinten käyttäytymistä muokkaaviin voimiin varsin huikealla tavalla, upeiden eläinten opastuksella.  

Mattsson pitää onnenaan sitä, että merinisäkkäiden parissa työskentely on mahdollistanut kansainvälisen yhteistyön paitsi kollegoiden, myös erittäin kokeneiden ja nimekkäiden eläinkouluttajien kanssa.  

Perin ainutlaatuisen työuran tehnyt Mattsson on kysytty kouluttaja ja luennoitsija sekä Suomessa että maamme rajojen ulkopuolella. Euroopan eläintarhaliiton (Eaza) akatemian kouluttajiin kuuluva Mattsson palasi hiljakkoin Serbiasta, jossa hän jakoi eläinten hyvinvointiin ja koulutukseen liittyviä oppejaan sikäläisen eläintarhan henkilöstölle.  

– Kalat ovat ensimmäisiä eläimiä, joita olen tietoisesti kouluttanut. Särkänniemen akvaariolla opetin muun muassa ampujakaloja käyttämään niiden luontaista saalistustapaa paremmin, ja kotiakvaariossa taas Elviira-taistelukalani oppi syömään kämmenelläni.  

Yksilöiden välistä vuorovaikutusta

Vuonna 2004 perustettu Meritime Consulting on Mattsonin oma yritys, jonka kautta hän kertoo laajentaneensa kokemuspohjaansa kotieläinten, hyötyeläinten ja eläintarhaeläinten käyttäytymisen muokkaamisen ja hyvinvoinnin edistämisen saralle.  

– Kärjistetysti väitän, että eläimet delfiineistä koiriin ja eksoottisista eläimistä kaloihin käyttäytyvät samalla tavalla. Koen taitojeni jalkauttamisen uusien lajien koulutukseen ja käyttäytymisen kiintoisana.  

Mattsson korostaa, ettei eläinten koulutukseen liity mitään yliluonnollista tai -inhimillistä. Kyse on kahden yksilön välisestä vuorovaikutuksesta, jossa pätevät tieteellisesti todistetuttujen käyttäytymisteorioiden lainalaisuudet.  

– Kaikki eläimen seurassa vietetty aika on koulutustilannetta – eivät vain ne hetket, jolloin tietoisesti koulutamme. Esimerkiksi lemmikkieläintä kannattaisi kehua ja palkita silloinkin, kun omasta tahdostaan lepäilee rauhassa lähelläsi.  

Samaa viestii Mattssonin esikoisteoksen nimi: Kuka kouluttaa ketä? Alaotsikkonsa mukaisesti teos sisältää eläinten oppimisen teoriaa ja käytäntöä sekä tarjoaa lukijoille opastusta johdonmukaiseen ja positiiviseen tapaan eläimen käyttäytymisen muokkaamiseksi.  

Omia oivalluksia ja lainattuja ajatuksia

Mattsson luonnehtii kirjaansa syväsukellukseksi eläinten hyvinvointiin vaikuttaviin asioihin. Teoksen sivuilla hänen omat oivalluksensa kytkeytyvät vuosien varrella luennoilla ja muissa yhteyksissä muistiin merkittyihin laina-ajatuksiin sekä eläinkoulutuspsykologian ja käyttäytymistieteen tutkimustietoon.  

– Lemmikkiinkin kannattaa suhtautua välillä tieteentekijän asenteella, jolloin on mahdollista löytää eläimelle ja itselle paras tapa saavuttaa haluttu tavoite ympäröivistä ärsykkeistä huolimatta. Kannatan tutkimustiedon hyödyntämistä. Arvailu on turhaa, sillä se menee todennäköisesti pieleen.  

Kai Mattsson on kirjassaan pyrkinyt kertomaan eläinten kouluttamisesta tavalla, jolla asiasta ei ole aiemmin kirjoitettu. Kuva: Kai Mattssonin albumi

KIRJATILAUKSET: QR-koodilla tai täältä         https://www.meritime.net/contact

28,50€ + postitus & käsittelykulut

 

 

 

Mattssonin mukaan keskeisiä tekijöitä eläinten kouluttamisessa ovat myönteinen asenne, luottamus, johdonmukaisuus kärsivällisyys sekä eläintä tekemiseen kannustava, oikea-aikainen palkitseminen. Kouluttajalla tulee tietenkin olla myös selkeä päämäärä, millaista käytöstä hän haluaa eläimeltä.   

Vankan pohjan luottamukselle voi luoda perehtymällä eläimen rodullisiin ja lajityypillisiin ominaisuuksiin ennen kuin saa sen hoidon vastuulleen.  

 

– Edistyminen edellyttää meiltä kykyä lukea eläimen käyttäytymistä ja pieniä vivahteita, joita se käyttäytymisellään viestittää. Samalla opimme itsestämme ja käyttäytymisestämme eläimen seurassa. Suhde vahvistuu, kun kumpikin hyötyy yhteisestä työskentelystä.  

Toisinaan on hyvä eläytyä eläimen osaan. Sitä kautta saattaa löytyä uusia tapoja saada esiin haluttua käytöstä.  

– On erittäin tärkeää, että kaikki eläimen kanssa työskentelevät toimivat keskenään samalla tavalla. Ristiriitaisesta toiminnasta voi seurata ongelmia, joiden ratkaiseminen ottaa aikansa ja hidastaa tavoitteiden saavuttamista. 

Tavoitteena selkeys 

Mattsson sanoo pyrkineensä kirjoittamaan selkeän ja johdonmukaisen kirjan, joka sopii luettavaksi niin ensimmäisen lemmikin hankintaa harkitsevalle kuin eläinten parissa jo pidempään työskennelleillekin.   

Kuka kouluttaa ketä? jakautuu kolmeen osaan, joista ensimmäinen sisältää eläintenkoulutuksen perusasioita ytimekkäässä muodossa. Toisessa osa pureudutaan välineelliseen ehdollistamisesta yksityiskohtaisemmin ja laajemmin esimerkkien ja vertausten avulla.   

Ehkä hieman yllättäenkin Mattsson on poiminut esimerkkejä ihmislasten kanssa toimimisesta.  

– Yksinkertaisesta peruskäyttäytymisestämme löytyy paljon yhtenevyyksiä eläinten käyttäytymismallien kanssa. Meidän tulisi olla mahdollistajia sekä eläimillemme että lapsillemme.  

Myönteisyyden voima

Voimakeinojen välttäminen kaikessa kanssakäymisessä on aina ollut Mattssonin tapa toimia.  

– Eläinten koulutuksessa se on osoittautunut ehdottomasti eduksi. Se on myös hyvin tukenut nykyisin vallitsevaa positiiviseen kokemukseen ja vahvistamiseen perustuvaa koulutusmetodia.   

Kirjan kolmas osa koostuu englannin- ja suomenkielisestä termisanastosta.  

– Halusin raivata termiviidakkoa yhtenäisemmäksi. Osan termeistä olen itse kääntänyt englannista suomeksi, koska niille ei ollut vakiintunutta, käyttökelpoista vastinetta aikaisemmin. Kansainvälisten tehtävieni vuoksi käytän itse usein englanninkielistä termistöä. 

Tällä hetkellä Mattsonien kodissa Liuksialassa asustaa kaksi naurukyyhkyä, kolme riikinkukkokyyhkyä, kaksi marsua, yksi kissa, akvaariollinen kaloja ja kani. Ne ovat Kai Mattssonille työkavereita, joiden kanssa hän on vieraillut muun muassa päiväkodeissa, kouluissa ja ikäihmisten parissa kertomassa eläin edellä toimimisesta.

 

Vaikka liki 250-sivuinen kirja tarjoaa paljon asiaa, Mattsson harkitsee jatkavansa tietokirjailijan uraansa.  

– Olen erittäin kiinnostunut eläinten osallistavasta terveydenhuollosta. Sillä tarkoitetaan eläinten terveydentilan ylläpitämistä ja seuraamista vuorovaikutteisen, eläintä mahdollisimman vähän stressaavan kanssakäymisen kautta.  

Eläintarhamaailmasta lähtöisin olevasta menetelmästä on hyötyä myös lemmikki- ja hyötyeläimille. Eläimet voidaan kouluttamisen ja osallistamisen kautta saada tottumaan tutkimus- ja hoitotoimiin niin, ettei rauhoittavaa lääkitystä tarvita.  

– Valasta tai tiikeriä on vaikea napata kainaloon ja alkaa hoitaa sen enempää kyselemättä. Jos joudutaan käyttämään lääkeaineita, ne saattavat esimerkiksi muuntaa verikoetuloksia.  

Kai Mattsson: Kuka kouluttaa ketä? Eläinten oppimisen teoriaa ja käytäntöä. Momentum-kirjat, 2023  

·        AIHEET

·        DELFIINI

·        EAZA

·        ELÄINTEN KOULUTTAMINEN

·        ELÄINTEN KÄYTTÄTYMINEN

·        ELÄINTENKOULUTTAJA

·        EUROOPAN ELÄINTARHALIITTO

·        KAI MATTSSON

·        KANGASALA

·        KUKA KOULUTTAA KETÄ?

·        MERITIME CONSULTING

·        SÄRKÄNNIEMEN DELFIINIT

 

A spoonful of target training (vs luring)

 Using target in animal training is often times more commonly understood

 than luring as a training technique.

The title of this blog formed in my mind because of a puffer fish training I started recently and the first target I used with it and still am using is a spoon.

It got me thinking of luring in a wider perspective;

A spoonful of some yummy food surely is more tempting than just an empty spoon. .. but what if you could turn that setting up side down? What if eventually the empty spoon would do the magic twice if not three time more effective than a full spoon?

Sounds confusing? .. or does it? Well, let me open the set up a bit more.

A few decades with animals ...

I feel very prosperous as during my animal care & training career (which got started in early 80's)  I've had possibilities to work with so many different species belonging in such many different orders of animals. Thirty years with dolphins was the grand school of operant conditioning.

In 2004 I also started gradually my own consulting work ( www.meritime.net), it has opened doors to many other opportunities with other species. I find it fascinating that what ever species I've been working with the behaviour modification laws apply in each and every one in such similar way. In recent years I've been again more involved with aquatic species, namely fishes. They definitely are another challenge & extension in implementing my training skills. This is an exploration into less well-known area of animal behaviour modification. Training buffer fish, shark, sterlet and cleaning scrimps etc. just to name some - Who wouldn't be mesmerized ?

A classic example of luring is a picture of donkey following a carrot

Luring - good or bad?

It is very easy to fall into using luring during the time we spend with our animals, temptation to use it  i.e to get the animal into a specific direction; into a pen, stable, trailer etc. is some times quite compelling. It is easy to get some treaty out of your pocket and present it to the animal in question or even toss it into a pen where we'd like to have the animal to move in. Often times it works and is quite harmless. 

However there are a few traps we should try to avoid when using luring as 

a animal behaviour modification technique.

Pre-cue's / precursors

The luring term is often rather discredited and given a bit bad reputation and there is a reason for it. What happens easily is that the animal will pick up even our subtle pre-behaviours which will turn into a (new) cue for it to react upon. An easy example of this is opening the fridge door or a food can lid. They are very strongly telling to the animal that some food is about to be served.

I remember from my early days of animal care when we had two seal (a grey seal & an harbour seal) at the aquarium I was working in, no training was done with them, at least not consciously. They were fed twice a day in a very regular schedule at eleven and four o'clock. Both seals were very conscious about their  feeding times and they were jumping half way of their body out of water just prior to feedings. 

Can animals learn timetables? 

Most likely if it happens in such regular schedule as what we had. Often prior to these occasions we were also checking how they are from a window facing to the pool, also most of the times there were some public around the pen to see the feeding of those seals. So there were many other quite out standing cues for the seals to notice just before feeding.

Animals are super-creatures and just brilliant in reading body gestures & -language even of other species. This is something we should be always aware of. Even slightest nuances in our own behaviour can become a precursor to the animal. This means that if we are using luring as a behaviour modification technique we should be very cautious of not making any continuous pre-cues before we are giving them treats.

Fading the use of lure

I guess one reason for the discredited reputation is that often times luring method is not faded away or transferred into some other more advanced way of behaviour reinforcement. If we'd fade out luring and change it into ie. following or touching a target. We would most likely avoid most of the above mentioned traps. The behaviour would be rather reliable and there wouldn't be such a possibility for the animal to respond to any other cue than the one we've trained it to react upon. All in all my opinion is that target serves better our aims and common purposes when working with animals.

I do use luring as a tool in animal behaviour modification 

but only as long as it seems reasonable. 

I do use luring as one type of training with animals; Quite recently I started to train my guinea pigs, in a very similar way; The plan is to first lure them to reach my fingers and later change it into following a target.  However - I wouldn't use luring too much (or too long) on getting animals from one space (exhibit / stable etc.) to another or in the a case we'd need to separate one individual from some others. This type of luring is quite commonly done and I can confess that I've done it too - but I would try to get this type of behaviour modification rather soon under a cue and use training tools like target or stationing to establish it properly. The relationship with our animals to my opinion is based on trust. If we use luring too much in ie. separation of individuals we will eventually run into difficulties. Let's be fair with them and let them know what our aims are, by using differential reinforcement and positive surprises we can work  these situations into a reliable behaviour responses.

Fahaka puffer fish

It has been interesting to get to know this species (Tetraodon lineatus). According to some sources it is considered to be the most aggressive (terrritorial) fresh water puffer fish species but at the same time it is said to be an enigmatic species. In other words; it gets easily interactive with its owner, even in such amount it can develop into a pet like relationship. So I hope this gives me a good start in getting into a relationship with this little fellow. How ever it is not the first puffer fish I am training, as earlier I did train a Mbu puffer (Tetrodon Mbu) to follow a target and swim through a small hoop. This was one of the first training experiences I had with fishes just out of pure curiosity and interest to see how cognitive they can be.

Working with fishes is a bit challenging. Often times the only way of getting started is via luring and that's how I got started this time as well. I did introduce a target in a very early state and used a piece of shrimp to lure our Fahaka next to the spoon to get the treat. 

In my youtube-channel you can see one of the first target training session of this Fahaka. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uobJ5O8tcw

A wrong direction
in eyesight - past the spoon.

Before this I had trained it to eat from a tweezers. One training task at a time is a so important rule in training animals. So, once I got that into a reliable stage the next step in training was to present the target; wait for the puffer's reactions and then reinforce correct behaviour or a correct direction of behaviour (approximation). I still use luring every now and then to strengthen the new meaning for the spoon-target. 

On this level I am not only following the direction where the puffer is swimming but also where it is looking. 

Reinforce already the direction animal is looking.

 Puffer fishes are cute and one reason for that is their ability to move their eyes.  It enables them to look better forward. Many times this fellow is swimming in  right direction but it is following me through the water surface, not the target. Once it's eyes sight is changes into spoon (or to another target I'm using) I can reinforce it. So with this puffer I can easily reinforce it directionally even before it reaches  the target or lure.

This time the direction and focus of eyesight is correct

Animals tend to go where their eyesight is focusing.

Where are we now?

As much as I would like to say and tell how far I've proceeded in this training and how excellent this still little puffer fish is ... I just cannot. 

Any animal trainer knows that behaviour modification doesn't always proceed progressively or at least not linearly. With fahaka I had to get back to easier state in training. So, we're back in luring - luring this puffer fish to eat next to the spoon, as the spoon lost it's "magic".  So I'm reinforcing the spoon - to make it again more meaningful for the puffer fish. 

However I am very optimistic on my task and I do believe that eventually the empty spoon will have a strong meaning to this puffer fish, hopefully stronger meaning than just a piece of food.

Thank you for reading this blog and remember to enjoy every bit of the time spend 

with you training & companion 'mates'.

Sincerely

- Kai -                                                                      (The training is being done @ Särkänniemi Aquarium, FIN)

ps. check out my renewed webpages

www.meritime.net

https://www.instagram.com/elainkoulutusk_mattsson/

https://www.facebook.com/Meritime-345171735503394

https://www.linkedin.com/in/kai-mattsson-36967819/

Where is the limit?

Rats !!

I have to admit that I was not so happy to find these pests living in my stable.

They just are not the most commonly beloved creatures of nature and of course there is a historical reason for fearing them, as diseaces are know to sped through them. 

However - I was absolutely mesmerized when I read an article of a rat called Magawa, a landmine sniffing hero of it's species but of course it isn't  (or actually wasn't) the only one doing the lifesaving job in Cambodia. The gambian puoched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) [in Finnish; savannihamstraajarotta] are doing unbelivably valuable work in sniffing land mines ie. in Gambodia. These rats are far more accurate and quicker in finding land mines than any other mean of doing it; as it takes a fraction of time from these quided sniffers to cover an area of appr. football field than what it would take from us humans. Magawa was one of the most successful rat trained to alert human handlers of landmines to be safely removed there after. Trainer by Apopo organization these rats have been detecting (and destroyed) according to their web page now more that 25.000 land mines. Magawa alone during it's appr 5 year career sniffed more that 100 landmines.

A power of a small treat ..

Any small delicate treat will do it's effective work - all is based on positive reinforcement. The animals are trained to mark the place of mines or as far as I understand they are trainer to detect the smell of TNT. By marking the spot the handlers can then inform about it to professional people for destroying safely the landmine. These rats are great in this type of work: They have excellent capability for smelling the explosives plus they are very light in weight so it is safe for them to do the detection. 

I am, aften decades of working with animals and their training still just absolutely amazed of how much we can do with different animal species for the safety & well being for us humans.  

Android, windows, apple or some other ...

Wait a minute -what does these have to do with landmine detecting rats or any other animal species, like dogs? ...or with any animal heroes trained for the higher purpose of ie. protecting human lives? In reality any operating system really has nothing to do with animal training: Expect - What I've found so fascinating during the years of my career with different animal species; No matter which species I've worked with they are all 'programmed' in the very same way. All of them has similar or same "operating system". There's no windows, no android nor any other difference in that sense.

Come to think of  - it is quite astonishing that all species are behaving under the same principles of consequences; positive or negative ones.

Of course you need to know the capabilities of each species and each individual. Individual differences can be rather outstanding. When ever I'm tutoring animal trainers, animal care personnel or owners I'll always emphasizing the time spend with one's animal companion. We just got to learn their personal ways of behaving. At the same time we are also providing them valuable quality time to learn and observe our natural essence.

Where is the limit - within species.

A few years back a video in socialmedia / internet went viral of bublebees learning to pull a rope in order to collect valuable reward. We all know what is done with dogs; scent training to detect different diseases (including covid-19), drugs, lost people etc.

Often times animal training is related to mammals as it mostly has been within my career as well. However this should not limit our thinking. During the last few year I've gathered more experiences of training reptiles and aquatic animals. Aquatic environment is very familiar as I do have decades of experience with marine mammals therefore "diving" underneath the surface should not be a surprize. Recently I've done work ie. with buffer fish, shark and now the last experience is with copperband butterflyfish & peppermint shrimp.

I am just fascinated of the power of positive reinforcement. Taming peppermint shrimps to eat from my hand is just a fun thing to do and an experimental training with no further higher value. On the other hand it could be quite valuable in case there would be a need to transfer this tiny crustacean to another environment (aquarium) as it would be a hole lot less stressful for the individual. We are talking about voluntary participation in animal care which is getting more and more popular in animal care as part of daily animal keeping and welfare. This type of every day training is truly valuable in diminishing stress of handling of animals. it is also providing safety and less stress related feelings to any person dealing with the situation. It is also giving an advantage for management of animals and in long run savings in expenses.

You can find the result of  crustacean training from the following link to my tiktok-channel. 

(You may have to copy the link)

https://vm.tiktok.com/ZMNdWHSta/?k=1

Enjoy watching !

Every change is a possibility !

Remember not to make any defensive blocks in your mind of all possibilities we are having with our animal companions. 

Enjoy of being an enabler for any animal under your care and have fun.

Sincerely

- Kai -

ps. check out my renewed webpages

www.meritime.net

https://www.linkedin.com/in/kai-mattsson-36967819/

https://www.facebook.com/Meritime-345171735503394

 

Milk spilled on the floor - everything is not always smooth-going in animal training

Animal training is not always linearly successful !

Most of us have experiences the mornings when it just would have been better to stay in bed, pull the blanket over us and get buried in the warmth of the bed.

I just recently experiences one of those days; I got up and while I was doing my breakfast I happened to dropped an almost full carton of milk on the floor just to find out later, after cleaning the kitchen floor, that the other carton I had was out of date and soured in my coffee.

  

A bit too brownish and flat pancake came to picture a lot later that day in the evening. 

 - Sometimes it just feels that we're not meant for success. -

Spilling the milk vs animal training

Spilling milk on the floor does not have anything to do with animal care or training - except that my cat got pretty curious and came to see how I am doing with the mess. Fortunately it was not too keen on milk and passed my "service". This was actually the first delight on my day; On the contrary to an old belief that cat should be given milk - we should avoid it. Most of adult cats are lactose intolerant as they don't posses the lactose enzyme in their intestine to digest the sugar in the milk. Drinking milk can make them feel unwell - at least in greater volume, it can cause vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain - like it does to some of us humans.

When things go wrong

Note I am not saying that if things will go wrong when we are spending time with our animals - but my wording is "when they do". It is inevitable that at some point of our journey with animals - things or training, the life together is not hitting  A+ (or to us Skandinavian 10+)

What do we learn, when making a mistake?

Making the mistake is not the end of the world. Being a parent I do know this sometimes too well; via my mistakes but also of the ones my children are doing. Fortunately this world was not made to be perfect - so making mistakes is very much ok. 

Doing thing wrong is actually something that is in the very core of learning. Getting negative feedback (reinforcement or punishment) does regulate and form our future behavior or thinking as it does with animals too. 

If we think for a moment how things are set in the wildlife; the strongest and smartest will survive. The answer to this lies in making mistakes and through learning process via those experiences; getting "smarter" by not always being perfect hunter or by not being the best in foraging generates each individuals innate talents to a completely different "higher" level.  For the wild animal populations & individuals life is not linearly successful. Success does of course plays a major factor in getting positive experiences and those will sharpen one's behavioral skills. Positive reinforcement is the one factor we want to uphold in the daily life and behavior management with the animals under our care.

The morning when my milk was spilled on the floor didn't really give the best vibes to start a day but at the same time it didn't mean I couldn't be successful in some other task. I guess my point is that getting stuck in training sequence or making sometimes major mistakes does not mean that we couldn't achieve the ultimate goal at some point, we just may have another unexpected twist on the way to reach our destination.

All the roads lead to Rome.

Being creative is one talent we as animal trainers do need quite frequently. I've faced this kind of situation so many times; But remember there is more than one way to achieve your behavior management goals. If one way of thinking is for any reason blogged - find another way. Take a look at your situation either a bit further apart or get in closer and try to find out triggers or reasons why the one (method) you used is not working. What are the reinforcements in the environment which are guiding the animal behavior to it's current path.

If there's will there's a way.

These are famous proverbs know by most of us. So finding a new way to our ultimate goal is nothing new. Sometimes when things just hit the wall - so to speak, we tend to give up. Seems like there wouldn't be any way further. In case this may happen several times there is a possibility that we - animal owners, trainers, keepers - may also learn a very unwanted behavioral form called learned helplessness. 

In such case we start to think that this is how it is and instead of trying to find some new innovative solution to the situation - we are gradually starting to accept the way of incorrect behavior. as normal. You may hear something like; "Well she/he is always like that." or "He/she has done it this way since I can remember." - At that point it could be wise to sharpen a bit of your memory! There must have been some triggers which have affected the behavior in some way, reinforcing the animal to perform them as they are now.

Learned helplessness is just a painted cattle guard in our way of getting further with our training.

Cattle guards, also know as cattle grids, are structures placed in the ground in order to prevent livestock from escaping a closed piece of land or border. 

Cattle guards have been know to be in use already from late 1800's and it is used world wide from Australia to Lapland, where I found them preventing reindeer's crossing the border. Cattle guards are effective in protecting livestock to escape from their pasture or field. 

Sometimes a fake cattle guard is used to do the job for livestock owner. Once animals have learned the effectiveness and meaning of the cattle grid this "knowledge" can be used to manipulate their behavior. Just by painting some distinct lines ie. on the road to create the "visual" effect of a real cattle grid would do. This is know to work .. at least for a while - until some daredevil will try it's luck and find out that it is just bluffing.

A link to further info on cattle guard:

http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.fol.005

Another trap we may fall into in this kind of situations is self fulfilling prophecy.

By saying kind of sentences described earlier in this text is not fair for the animals under our care. We should be enablers - not excluder for the success of it's behavioral progress. When we are expressing ourselves with negative expressions like - It's not gonna work, we are actually expressing a "prophecy" for our failure.

- Be optimistic and creative with your behavior management with animals under your care. -

Conclusion:

"If life gives you lemons - make lemonade."

Cheers

- Kai -

www.meritime.net

https://www.facebook.com/Meritime-345171735503394

https://twitter.com/KaiMattsson

https://www.linkedin.com/in/kai-mattsson-36967819/

Click - you've been liked !

 

A split of a second

In the past - actually quite recently - this sound was more or less commonly connected to a camera shutter sound; a fraction of a moment that was captured to remind us of some memorable moment, a highlight in our life.

That was before selfies were "a hip" thing to do?

Who would have thought then - to take multiple photos of oneself smiling or grinning to a disposable or any other camera,  then take the film to be developed and wait for about a week to get those photos done. Finally, when the great day arrived, one would go and collect &  pay those photos from the camera shop. 

After that ... Would anyone ever thought of going out and giving those prints to our neighbors, friends or any stranger one happen to meet on the way home?? 

Well - No! 

"Not in a million Years"

Would you like to be liked?

Hmm.. a bit of a strange question:  - who wouldn't ? 

For the majority of us - this is a very strongly built-in need or an essence of human nature. Think of children or another evidence of this need is the popularity of all different social media's. Who wouldn't like to get "likes" of our posting ? This is brilliant marketing "plan" of the social media app's, as it is getting us quite easily hooked up on to follow "feeds and reactions". It makes you look up your phone multiple times in a day. One study stated that an average person (done in US.) touches and looks at one's phone roughly 2500 time a day ! Not all is of course time spend in some social media, weather it's right or false news - it still is a very surprising number! ...and it's all because we get reinforcement when our body generates some endorphins etc cheering hormones.

Affective states and our feedback

How about animals? Do they posses similar needs? 

I believe they do. I believe they also have a need to be accepted, noticed or even liked ...maybe in a bit different way as we are feeling those states of mind. Topics on animal emotions or feelings and their affective states are more and more often heard when talking about animal welfare or even behavior management and training. If you are lucky and you're blessed with a pet , I believe you do know the answer to the question I presented earlier. Animals do like to get positive attention even from us and other inter-species companions.

What is a definition of an affective state?

Animal welfare is considered to be both biological and psychological state of an animal as it attempts to cope in its environment. Taking this into account, welfare includes both these elements; pleasurable and unpleasant mental states or experiences in their life. Animals may show quickly emotional responses  to a stimuly, affective states are longer lasting states of different moods (ie. depression) which are not only caused by a single stimuly but are more like an accumulation of multiple experiences. Those can be called affective states with animals.

How can we have an influence on these different states?

The feedback we are providing to an animal of course depends on what and how we are giving it. Feedback can be divided roughly into 'good' or 'bad', this would be the very common way of expressing it. In the theory behind animal behavior management, operant conditioning, we are talking about positive and negative feedback. The word feedback is nowadays translated into two other forms; reinforcement and punishment.

Simply saying when we are using the word reinforcement, it means we are trying to increase some form of behavior. On the other hand when we are using the word punishment, we are trying to decrease some form of behavior. When we combine these two ways of expression we are talking about positive or negative reinforcements and positive and negative punishments. The positive (+) and negative (-) just simply means that either something is added (increased) or taken away (decreased) from the environment of the animal in question. 

As for the term punishment - one must always remember that we are never physically punishing the animal. The concept of punishment must be understood: It is always affecting the behavior by the means of behavior management theory.

Find more on reinforcements & feeedback from my previous blog from here: 

https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/641880151475095364/4904237641956606255

Showing affection

We have of course multiple ways to show our affection to animals under our care. Showing affection is absolutely positive feedback to an animal. It is what we want our pets to experience.

 ... but ... it's not really a handy tool in behavior management. It is too vague and it leaves too much "air" for interpretation - on both sides; to us and the animal. We can't center it in the precise moment we'd like to reinforce.  Also - In many cases, it may not often be the primary force or reinforcement the animal is seeking or valuing.

Showing affection is good, however it is also one of the things I'm facing most often in many private consultation I am doing. The idea of thinking; what-the-animal-is-thinking is never fruitful. Many emotions are connected to this type of situation and animal owners do behave according to those - which often is not of the best interest of the approximation to achieve the goal in those situations, on behavior management viewpoint.

Bridge over troubled waters

Simon & Carfunkel sang this song into many hearts in 1970. It is a nice song and actually has nothing to do with operant conditioning - BUT:

The idea of using a bridge (clicker, whistle, "good boy" - wording etc. etc.) is kind of expressed in that saying. The signal is like a bridge over the physical space in between us and the animal, therefore it is giving us a very powerful tool to tell to the animal the very precise moment in action which we want to see again. Simplifying the situation; we are marking the exact moment in animals behavior repertoire by means of  a "remote control" = a bridging signal. Afterwards we can then reinforce the correct way of behaving by other means.

B. F. Skinner is considered to be the one who discovered these principles in 1940's & 50's. He was also the first one to use this technique publicly when training dogs, as the Look magazine reported in 1952. However it took almost 30 years before this marvelous technique concurred animal training field more widely. The first one's to use and adapt it were marine mammal trainers, especially dolphin trainers. They started to use different cues for different behaviors and whistles in stead of clickers in capturing and shaping the behaviors of those mesmerizing animals. 

Something to think about;

- I believe that this could also be used in some athletic sports couching - a new kind of tool for the couch to tell the exact moment of action of the athletes rehearsal.

Sincerely

Kai Mattsson

Meritime Consulting

www.meritime.net

https://www.facebook.com/Meritime-345171735503394

https://www.linkedin.com/in/kai-mattsson-36967819/

kai@meritime.net

Recall - what is it good for ?

 Ever called you dog or cat to come to you or back home indoors?

Weather you know it or not you've been using a training tecnique included in a theory called operant conditioning.

Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning is a behavioral theory - a way to work not only with animals but many of it's origins are from human psychological science as well. It's history goes back to the beginning of 1900's but the "golden time" in discovering it's fine tunes - is probably in 40's & 50's.    B. F. Skinner and his team did revolutionary findings and they trained hundreds if not thousands of animals during their experiences - he is often referred as the father of operant conditioning. However many other behaviourists, like Thorndike and his findings in connectionism, had done significant studies on animal behavior science before the findings of Skinner's team, thus making their work feasible. 

"Call him!"

In every day life with our pets, we don't necessarily think of some theory when we're calling our animals - and quite rightfully we just call the animals to us, often by their name. It is quite natural and simple that animal do react on it the way we anticipate. - or is it?

Most likely while we have been building up a relationship with the animal(s) under our care there have been multiple reinforcers involved in above described situation. Animal is getting a lot of attention from it's keeper, some good treats (primary reinforcements), tactile reinforcement, possibly some play and social interaction with us etc.  (secondary reinforcements) just to name a few. All these factors are extremely important not only for the behavior to be reliable but also in building up a good trustworthy relationship with each other.

Find more info on reinforcements & punishments from here:

What has a cookie jar to do with animal training ? ;   https://www.blogger.com/blog/post/edit/641880151475095364/5727146612062096244 

The situation described above  is what is very commonly considered as a (re)call. To get the animal where we are!

However if we dive a bit deaper in the theory we may notice that a recall is not really a call to get the animal to us but it's meaning is something of a bit wider content. If we look at the definition of the word recall; it's something of the following: 

- bring back to one's mind 

or

- order (someone) to return to a place

In this context we are naturally interested in the later description and as we see; the meaning of it is to get someone in a specific location.

This is one of the fundamentals in taking care of animals in a more professional manner. It also should be one of the first things to be taught to animals under our care, as it makes life often times so much easier. Imagine animal having  large enclosure in a zoogical setting  or livestock in a meadow and you would need to get animals back to a stable or a shed for what ever reason - say because of a colder night etc. How much easier life is if the response of the animals is reliable.

Consistency & variability

Getting an animal from one place to another is not really a problem - however sometimes keeping the behaviour reliable can be a challence. This may happen if we as trainers are keeping the response too much for granted, on other words; we don't maintain a well established behavior with a proper reinforcement schedule.

A recall is a very practical everyday life behavior which is naturally under a cue - given by the keeper of the animal. I've seen in many places where recall has been trained and sustained to animals extraordinary well. There are variable ways to reinforce it in such way that in almost every situation animals will react correctly to the given cue. The key elements are consistency and variability. Those two element will also keep the behavior in a very reliable state.  

This is maintained in a way the cue is given - also that the animal is rewarded of a proper response but with a twist of variability. In other words the animal does not always know when the cue is given to it nor how it's response is reinforced. The element of surprise makes life so much more rewarding and motivational. Changes is variation of reinforcement doesn't have to be extreme - small nuances will do the magic. Variation is important also in the sense of magnitude of the reinforcement; a jackpot in surprising the animal is a very strong tool to be used, as it's influence can be so long lasting.

Variability in reinforcements provided in a consistently random manner will establish a very motivated and reliable response in any animal behavior reliability.

When we are considering animal welfare; a possibility for a choice for animal is nowadays always emphasized. Considering the recall we are not really giving a choice to the animal where to we are expecting it to go...but ...

If we are thinking of a scenario where we are training a recall for an animal to go in it's indoor enclosure; Reliability on behavior may have an indirect effect if that animal has access to that indoor area free willingly also during times outside actual training. This way we are giving to the animal more control of it's environment, through choice, which  is recommended to be provided to any animal under our care. 

If Turles Could Fly ...   

What would be a proper cue for turtles?

A cue for a recall can be almost anything; verbal cue or some other sound, light or a body signal etc. It is wise to find a cue which does not normally exist in the animal's environment and of course it should be under our control. 

Sometimes you got to be creative; for example if  you being with an animal with hearing disability or it's eyesight is not too good. In this case it's al about a kind of fitness program for our red-eared and yellow eared sliders; we started to give them a possibility for a couple of hour "walk time" before opening hours at public aquarium ( Särkänniemi Aquarium, Finland). The turtles get on the public area for a morning walk every morning thus giving them a bit of different exercise than they would get in their exhibit. 

Now - turtles are relatively easy to catch when we are putting them back to their premises. However I though of a nice "game" or "play" with them; I started to train them for a cue for recall. It  took me a while to think of a proper cue but eventually I think I game up with a nice idea:

As they have no change to enter their paludarium by them selves (...only if they could fly...) so I starter to work with them for a recall which would have a meaning for them to come to me or any animal caretaker on duty. Once they come to us it is then easy to pick them up and put them into their paludarium. The most convenient way to establish this was just to kneel down next to their exhibition. At the beginning it took a while before animals started to react on this cue well but eventually all four got it. So the cue was simply kneeling down.

As for reinforcements; there were two major rewards or reinforcements I think made the difference for them. One was the fact that they got back to nongravity feeling of swimming in the water and of course a primary reinforcement of food that was at the beginning offered to them almost every time. The variability was maintained by variation in different food items provided to them at this state. After a while the food was not any more provided every time they got into the water. This reinforced the variability and surprise in rewarding shedule, thus making the motivation in long run a whole lot better for them.

Now the "game" is well established and it is rewarding and reinforcing to these cute turtles ... and it is really fun to watch.

Enjoy this short clip :-)

Red-eared slider turtles hurrying back to home after getting a cue for recall !

Ps. If you have any fun stories or cues you've experienced - Please share them as it would be good to hear your expereinces.

Sincerely

Kai Mattsson

Meritime Consulting

www.meritime.net

https://www.facebook.com/Meritime-345171735503394

What is your most valuable lesson, you've learned with animals ?

 A lesson to be learned

Often times, when we are talking about animal training our speech is filled with phrases and terminology of how we have managed to alter that animal's behavior into a certain direction.

 And that's how it should be; Knowing the theory behind behavior management thoroughly is a key  element for success - for the trainer to reach aimed goals as well as for the animal under her or his care, it quarantines also a better welfare for the animal.

When we are sharing our experiences we are hopefully giving advise to someone else of practicalities which are good but also at the same time those which are leading into not so good progress. Actually unsuccessful stories often times are more enlightening than the one's with perfect solution. So, fortunately we all make mistakes and we should share those as well. 

- Sharing is caring -

                    Sharing is caring !    

So while we are making mistakes we also are learning a whole lot of valuable information. I can admit that during my 30 plus years of animal training experiences I've made quite a bunch of mistake with a note to myself; "never again!" or "..a different approach next time." 

When I'm tutoring or lecturing other trainers & animal care people on animal behavior management I do always remind them animals are kind of learning machines - as learning happens all the time; whether we want it or not - it happens intentionally or imperceptibly. 

So mistakes happen - that's life. Fortunately lots of  things can be fixed later. This one applies to animal behavior but also with equal value to our behavior as animal trainers or caretakers. So I'm challenging you to think; when was the last time you shared some failure in you training program?

When shared, those experiences can be like an apples of gold in settings of silver to someone else. In short - I guess sometimes the best lessons as well as the very first lesson to be learned is that we learn through mistakes and we may learn more for the future in any similar situation.

Interacting or a relationship?

Which would you prefer to talk about of the times you spend with animals under your care? 

The ideal idea when we are working or just "hanging" with animals is to create an intimate atmosphere and a common language to be able to communicate with each other. More often it is for us following, reading and listening to the animals - learning how to read all small nuances animals are expressing to us through their behavior. Something you just cannot learn form any textbook.

We are definitely interacting with our animals but when does it go beyond interaction? Where is the line when it becomes relationship type of time together?

..or is that considered to be way too much of antropomophized term or thinking?

I've heard quite a few times that we should not humanize too much animals, but if we're trying to make a good life with animals under our care - why not? I fully agree that when we are analyzing the behavior or the "forces" that are making the animal act in a certain way; It is the time not to humanize animal's - You need to analyze the behavior or find the environmental stimulus which is / are making the animal behave in that certain way. Sometimes one can hear wordings, like" Well it's Barky - that's how he behaves..." To be honest, I've done the same.

This however has been one of the moments which were not so very successful. 

There is nothing really wrong to think this way ..BUT ..at the same time we are blocking possibilities for both ourselves as well as for the animals in question to have any success or progress in it's training or behavior modification. If our thinking is negative for the success of the end result we are not really giving a fair chance for the animal to be successful. What we are executing is called self fulfilling prophesy, a prediction that causes itself to become true. In other words the expectations of behavioral progress can lead to a behavior or lack of progress which confirms the expectations for that individual in our mind. 

So I guess the second lesson to be learned is to give equal possibility for each animal for a success. We, as trainers or animal care people, should be enablers for them to be successful in any given task. This of course is easier to achieve if we manage to create a supportive relationship with the animal.

Exciting and relaxing moments in a good balance

Many times finding the right balance in training situation is a key factor in creating a encouraging interaction with your animal. Also it is one of the fundamentals when we are thinking of all stimulus the animal is exposed to, how to find the right, hopefully positive, reinforcements which would over rule all other "forces" in it's environment. Our aim is to find those tools (stimulus) to be used to balance the behavior management in the way that we are guiding animals behavior in the wanted direction.

Training can create some very exciting moments and it gives a thrust of endorphins not only to animals but also us, when we are being successful together. What would be a better achievement to us than a goal achieved - we'd be full of "runners-high". This is one of the best positive reinforcements for both of us - a chemical reinforcement of a good feeling.

On the other hand we do need some quiet times also - time to relax. It is a well know fact that a relaxing time spend with ie. domestic animals is comforting to us; it can lower our blood pressure and make our hear beat slower. So - when we are encountering animal with this respect - wouldn't our effect on them be the same? It is a welfare factor of our cohabitation.

Many animals are used in therapy-type of purposes for example for elderly people, disabled people or children. Personally I don't very much like the use of the word "therapy" in these kind of situations as it is relating that there would be some kind of clinical healing or therapy involved. As to me it is just something that has been kind of programmed to us; closeness with another living creature in a relaxed way is comforting. With animals it is rather easy as they feel often times pleased of the attention and are not judging any of us because of our appearance therefore making it easy to approach them. Many studies demonstrate a detrimental effect of negative human animal relationship on animals and humans. This convinces me on the effect of a positive relationship creating good quality of life and welfare for both of us.

So the third lesson to be learned is that time with animals under our care is giving them as well as to us some thrilling feelings and relaxing moments. These are not kind of concrete reinforcements or material matters to count - it is something the body generates, something that is very innate for both of us when successful.

There is always a new possibility

I still want to bring on one value. As I've been involved with the animal training in many occasions it has influenced me and kind of addressed the beauty of being with animals. 

Imagine you are having a training session with you animal and you have some success, but also some things are not really going the way you had anticipated (which is quite normal). You may have missed some good bridges (ie. click on a perfect performance) or the animal has kind of utterly misunderstood your cues on the direction you'd like it to get to. As you finish you're not really content with the overall result.

What happens the next time we're working on that same goal?

It is critical on what kind of emotion we will bring to that next training session. If it is somewhat preconceived we are not really giving a fair chance for the animal to be successful. Remember we are supposed to be enablers for our animals to achieve a good result. Therefore I believe that we'd need to somehow clear our mind of the past events but at the same time remember what has happened and use that information for a new solution to be encouraging for the animal. 

As I type and read this  - it sounds awful lot like forgiveness.

That I believe is and has been for me the most valuable lesson I've learned whilst working and spending time with animals. We do need that kind of talent with animals but above all in our every day life.

What would be your treasured catch?

Sincerely

Kai Mattsson

Meritime Consulting

www.meritime.net

https://www.facebook.com/Meritime-345171735503394

p.s. If you look at the words I wrote in bold - isn't those the kind of characteristics we need also in parenthood or in any other relationship?  When I started my career as a young dolphin trainer, this was one of the most memorable teaching I got from my tutor: A good trainer has those same (good) tool for parenting.